فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 68 (آبان 1397)

Forgiveness in relationships is recognized as a factor in improving the quality of interpersonal relationships. However, the question is whether the differences in the dimensions of forgiveness as well as the different attitude towards gender roles in Iranian culture, which are different aspects of the forms of forgiveness highlighted in women and men, predict the quality of interpersonal relationships or not? And if so, what are these aspects? Based on these issue, current study aimed to investigate the relationship between types of forgiveness (self-forgiveness, other forgiveness and position forgiveness) and interpersonal problems. also it compared the interactive role of various type of forgiveness on the quality of relationships in men and women Among students of University of Tehran, 154 women and 132 men responded to Dispositional Hartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS) and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-30).  Correlation and regression analysis of data showed a negative relationship between types of forgiveness and interpersonal problems (P<0/01). This relationship occurred through position-forgiveness in women (B=-0/62) and self-forgiveness in men (B=-0/56). In sum, the results of the present study showed gender differences in the prediction of quality of interpersonal relationship based on different types of forgiveness. In other words, interpersonal problems in men point to the lack of Self-forgiveness or criticizing to personal weaknesses and problems, while interpersonal problems in women can be indicative of situation-unforgiveness or not accepting social and cultural pressures.

The repeated incidence of behavioral problems in children may negatively affect their development or facilitate antisocial behaviors and crime in the long term, but problem is, whether these behaviors may influenced by controlling children’s environmental conditions.   This study examined the effects of teaching the Raising a Thinking Child (RTC) program to parents on parenting self-efficacy and children's behaviors. These programs are based on the interpersonal problem-solving approach. The research method was single group quasi-experimental with pre and post design.  To this end, samples of 64 parents (34 mothers and 21 fathers) of pre-school and elementary-school children were selected through convenience sampling. A workshop was held once a week for 9 two-hour sessions. Data collection instruments were Eyberg’s (1978) Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) and Dumka's Parenting Self-Agency Measure (PSAM). the findings confirmed the effects of the RTC program on behavior problems (0.01< p), however, this program did not significantly affect parenting self-efficacy. It can be concluded that, parents who can find effective problem-solving methods, evaluate a variety of interpersonal options, and reflect these options in their behaviors, raise children with better problem-solving skills.

Research shows that the lack of mental health and presence of stress in people not only cause some disorders in employees' performance in organizations and reduce their productivity but also there will less effective management without considering these variables. So does taking a multifaceted approach to stress management affect employees' spiritual wellbeing and occupational stress? The current research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of taking LEARN multifaceted to stress management (Barlow et al. 2001) in the spiritual wellbeing and occupational stress of employees in a pharmaceutical company in Tehran. research method was  The a quasi-experimental design (pre-test and post-test with a control group). where 30 employees were randomly divided into two experimental (N=15) and control (N=15) groups. The multifaceted stress management program was conducted during 18 weekly 90-minute sessions and the subjects answered Perceived Stress Scale PSS (Cohen et al. 1983) and Spirituality Index of Well-Being SIWB (Frey et al. 2005). The results of single-variant covariance analysis indicated that the effect of experimental group had a significant effect on occupational stress (P<0.0.1) and spiritual wellbeing (P<0.01). This suggests that the employees who had participated in the multifaceted stress management program gained better scores in the final exam in terms of the variables related to spiritual wellbeing (self-efficacy and life map) and reduction in occupational stress.

Research has shown that there is a relationship between attachment styles and sexual satisfaction, but does sexual self-efficacy of addicted men can have to mediate this regard? Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of sexual self-efficacy in the relationship between attachment styles and sexual satisfaction of addicted men in Kermanshah. The present research was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study included people were referred to addiction treatment centers in Kermanshah. The research sample consisted of 250 of the five addiction treatment centers who were selected by non-probability sampling method. Adult Attachment scale(Hazan & Shaver, 1987),  Larson's Sexual Satisfaction scale (Larson,1995), and Sexual Self-efficacy scale(Vaziri et al.,1993) were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using statistical methods, including the Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression analysis, and path analysis. Conlusions: The results showed that there is a relationship between attachment styles and  Men's sexual satisfaction, this means that secure attachment style is a positive predictor (R<0.05) and Insecure-avoidant attachment style is a negative predictor (R<0.05). Sexual self-efficacy can also act as a mediator between attachment styles and sexual satisfaction (-R<0.05). Therefore people that have high's sexual self-efficacy and secure's attachment style experience better sexual satisfaction.

Pediatric health psychology and investigating the role of psychological factors in adaptation of children with medical conditions is a notable field in health psychology. One of these psychological factors is the attachment style which plays an important role in the literature. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the heart rate irritability in the children with chronic medical conditions based on attachment style. In this quasi-experimental study, the effect of attachment psychological factor on heart rate irritability in children with chronic medical conditions was investigated this end, 45 children aged 12-15 years with the criteria for diagnosis of a chronic medical condition were selected by sampling method. These children were suffering from diabetes and renal failure and nasal congestion. entered the study After completing the Collins and Reid (1990) Attachment Style Questionnaire, children were divided into three groups with security, avoidant and anxiety attachment style. In the next step, heart rate irritability and measurements were performed. Finding of the study showed that in children with security attachment style, there was a significant difference p<%05 in attachment scores and heart rate excitatory subtypes including heart rate and respiration rates as compared to those with insecure attachment style. This study showed that the chronic medicalconditions in children lead to psychosocial harm in them and their parents and their compatibility is affected, and the attachment style of children can affect this relationship.

Several studies have pointed to cognitive emotion regulation on anger management, but the research question is whether the parent-child relationship has effect on inhibiting anger with mediating role of cognitive-emotional regulation? One of the factors that reduces adolescent aggression is creating a warm and intimate family and a loving relationship between parents.   The purpose of this study was to mediate the cognitive-emotional regulation in the relationship between parent-child relationship and aggression in adolescent girls. The method of this research is a descriptive model of structural equation. The population of this study was the female students of the 8th grade of the first high school in Tehran during the academic year of 2017-18. A multistage cluster sampling method was used to select the sample. A total of 320 students were selected as sample groups. The research questionnaires included Abol-Majali's  aggression(2011), parent-child relationship correlation scale(2012), and Gharnovsky's cognitive-emotional ordering questionnaire(2001). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling method. The results of the analysis of the hypotheses of the research showed that the fitting indices of the research model are in a favorable situation (GFI>0.9).   Also, the parent / child relationship variables have an indirect effect on adolescent aggression (indirectly due to cognitive emotion regulation). This means that solving family problems and creating a suitable home environment can improve cognitive emotion regulation and, as a result, reduce adolescent aggression.

Sports success in taekwondo is influenced by various variables; including psychological Characteristics, nevertheless, a systematic research does not examine the role of these factors in various competitive levels. What is the difference between the psychological profile of successful and less successful Taekwondo athletes? the purpose of this study was to comparison of Psychological profile between successful and less successful taekwondo athletes. Present research method was causative-comparative, the population of this study included all Iranian taekwondo athletes that of this statistical population 70 successful (in Asian Games and World) and the 70 less successful (in competitions city) taekwondo was selected by purposive sampling and completed the questionnaires of Mental Skills (Bush & Salmela, 2001), Mental toughness (sheard et al, 2009), Competitive anxiety (Martenz, 1997) and Sport Motivation (Maltt et al, 2007). Data were analyzed through analysis of variance Mann-Whitney U tests The results showed that excluding the sport motivation variable, there is a significant difference between psychological profile of Taekwondo athletes in all mental Skills, mental toughness, and competitive anxiety variables, and this difference was observed to be in favor of successful Taekwondo athletes (p>0/05). Considering this results successful taekwondo athletes have a higher score in all above variables (Except sport motivation) than less successful taekwondo athletes so psychological intervention is needed for less successful taekwondo athletes.

Of the main elements that may be considered the most important internal or external factor for an athlete in achieving his objective and manifesting various behaviors is motivation and passion. The aim of present research is to normalize passion questionnaire in athletic society. Statistical population of this study includes athletes in each of futsal, volleyball, basketball, water polo leagues. In order to review data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and for data gathering Vallerand passion (2003) questionnaire with three elements of obsessive passion (6 questions), harmonious passion (6 questions) and passion measure (5 questions) were used. Overall, 250 questionnaires were distributed and at the end, 200 accurate questionnaire were analyzed. In order to normalize questionnaires confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses and LISREL software were used. Results obtained confirmed the reliability of questionnaire. Research results showed that present questionnaire is an appropriate instrument for measuring passion with emphasis on the importance of sport status among athletes. Furthermore, research final model showed that harmonious passion is first priority and obsessive passion is considered as second priority in sport. It is suggested that researchers in their future research utilize this questionnaire in various and larger samples

Type D Personality or helpless personality with two components of negative affectivity and social inhibition is cause of psychological disorders. The research question is  that whether the group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment with group therapy based on Mindfulness  is effective on behavior patterns of students with type D personality? The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment with a group therapy based on Mindfulness of psychological disorders and behavior patterns of students with type D personality and assessment of the permenante effect of the two therapeutic approaches. The research design is "pre-test-posttest-follow-up with expanded control group". The sample group consisted of 45 students with type D personality, which were selected randomly assigned and arrangement. To collect data structured clinical interviews (SCID-5), DS-14 (Denollet- 1993) and DASS-42 (Lavibond & Lavibond- 1995), questionnaires were used. The effectiveness and the permanent effect of the two interventional group therapy on psychological disorders and type D students was in one level (P < 0/01). The results showed that two interventional group therapy led to reduction of psychological' disorders and behavior patterns of students with type D personality.

The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive behavioral therapy with mindfulness on well-being in patients with type 2 diabetes.  The research was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design of three groups. The statistical population included all patients with type 2 diabetes and a member of the Charity Association for the Support of Diabetic Patients in Tehran in 2018. Among them, 60 were randomly selected and after the initial pre-test of Riff psychological well-being (1989), 48 subjects with the lowest score of psychological well-being were selected and randomly divided into three groups (two experimental and one Control group) were replaced.  Data were analyzed by covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test. The findings showed that both cognitive-behavioral interventions (p<0.05) and mindfulness (p<0.05) significantly increased the level of psychological well-being in patients, but there was a significant difference between the effect of two psychological interventions on increasing psychological well-being in patients did not (p<0.01). Accordingly, cognitive-behavioral intervention by changing beliefs of patients, better than other interventions, help the patient to learn and practice the skills needed to deal with the psychological problems associated with the disease.

Marital adjustment is a state among couples in which there is an overall feeling of happiness and satisfaction with their marriage and each other. But how important could the role of two factors of metacognitive beliefs and the mediating effect of marital conflicts in marital adjustment be. The purpose of this study was to predict marital adjustment based on meta-cognitive beliefs and mediating role of marital conflicts in married students. The research method is a descriptive and correlational design and structural equation modeling method. The statistical population in this study was all married students studying at Azad University of Tehran branches who had criteria for entering the research. The sample size was 400 people, 200 married women and 200 married men who were determined according to sample size estimation in research based on structural equation modeling. The measurement tools consisted of the Spanier modified marital adjustment questionnaire (1976), Wales meta-cognitive beliefs questionnaire (1997), and Barati and Sanyi marital conflicts questionnaires(1999). The results of the measurement model showed that subscales of research all have significant factor loadings. Also, model fitting indicators after covariance between some markers of metacognitive beliefs and marital conflicts were in desirable condition. The results of the hypothesis test showed that metacognitive beliefs on the marital adjustment of married students have indirect effects (due to marital conflicts) (p<0.05). Marital conflicts directly affect marital adjustment(p<0.05).  According to the results of the study, marital conflicts have a mediator role in predicting the marital adjustment of married students(p<0.05).  On one hand, marital conflicts are influenced by metacognitive beliefs and on the other hand they can have significant effects on marital adjustment.

Research has shown that acceptance and commitment-based therapy increases psychological flexibility and the treatment of Solution-oriented therapy changes the attitude and way of expressing references from talking about a problem to talking about a solution (Bakum 2008). The purpose of this research is effectiveness, Acceptance and commitment based therapy was based on the emotional regulation of couples in Tehran. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up with the control group the sample consisted of 45 couples who were referred to Parham Medical Advice Center who were selected by available sampling method and were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control. For the first group, treatment was based on acceptance and commitment, and for the second group, the solution-based treatment and the control group did not receive any training. The research was carried out with the help of the ERQ Grass and Jon (2003) emotional regulation Questionnaire. For analysis of data, repeated variance analysis was used. The results indicated the effect of education on emotional regulation (p<0.001) in experimental group couples compared to control group. The findings suggest that adherence-based treatment and decision-based solutions have affected the emotional order of couples and reduce their problems.